Histochemical characterization of duodenum at early, mid and late prenatal period in goats

Goats [Capra aegagrus hircus (L.)] play a significant role in providing supplementary income and livelihood to humans. The intestine plays a major role in foetus development and growth, and duodenum, as the part of small intestine, is responsible for breakdown of food. As there is not much studies available in literature on this aspect, here, we investigated the developing duodenum of 30 goat embryos/foeti irrespective of breed and sex. The tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and in cold acetone. Different histochemical techniques were applied for the detection and localization of neutral mucopolysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides, bound lipids, alkaline phosphatase enzymes, acid phosphatase enzymes, and DNA. The intensity of reactions increased as the age of foeti advanced. The goblet cells of the intestinal gland showed moderate reaction for Periodic acid schiff (PAS) and Acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPs) in the mid prenatal period (Gr. II) and intense to highly intense reaction in the late prenatal period (Gr. III). The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells exhibited negative to mild reaction for bound lipids in Gr. I, mild to moderate in Gr. II and mild to intense reaction in Gr. III. The luminal border of epithelial cells exhibited mild reaction in Gr. I & II, and moderate to intense reaction in Gr. III. The luminal border showed weak acid phosphatase reaction in Gr. I & II, and mild to moderate reaction in Gr. III. The nuclei of the epithelial cells showed mild to moderate Feulgen reaction in Gr. I & II, and intensely positive reaction in Gr. III.

O uso contínuo da terlipressina após a ligadura endoscópica em hemorragia varicosa aguda necessita de mais evidências: um estudo piloto / Rational for continuing terlipressin after endoscopic variceal ligation in acute variceal haemorrhage needs further evidence: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Background Variceal hemorrhage (VH) is a medical emergency. Prompt endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is therapeutic. Terlipressin is used in VH and continued for 2—5 days even after EVL. As hemostasis is primarily achieved by EVL, the benefit of continuing trelipressin after EVL is unknown. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of continuing terlipressin after EVL to prevent re-bleed and mortality. Methods In this pilot study, after EVL 74 patients of VH were randomized into two treatment groups TG2 & TG5, received terlipressin (1 mg IV bolus q 4 hourly) for 2 days and 5 days respectively and one control group (TG0), received 0.9% normal saline (10 mL IV bolus q 4 hourly) and followed up for 8 weeks. Results A total of 9 (12.6%) patients had re-bleed with maximum 4 (5.6%) patients in TG5 group followed by 3 (4.2%) in TG2 and 2 (2.8%) in TG0 groups (P=0.670). The overall mortality was 15 (21.1%) patients, 6 (8.5%) patients in TG0 group, followed by 5 (7.0%) in TG5 and 4 (5.6%) in TG2 group (P=0.691). Adverse drug reactions were significantly higher in treatment groups with maximum 18 (24.32%) patients in TG5, followed by 8 (10.8%) in TG2 and 2 (2.7%) in TG0 groups (P=0.00). Duration of hospital stay was also significantly higher in treatment group, 6.63 (±0.65) days in TG5 followed by 3.64 (±0.57) in TG2 and 2.40 (±0.50) days in TG0 groups (P=0.00). Conclusion The rational for continuing terlipressin after EVL is doubtful as it didn't have any benefit for the prevention of re-bleed or mortality; rather it increased the risk of adverse drug reactions and duration of hospital stay. Further randomized clinical trials are encouraged to generate more evidence in support or against continuing terlipressin after EVL.

RESUMO Contexto A hemorragia varicosa (HV) é emergência médica. A ligadura endoscópica imediata das varizes (LEV) é terapêutica. A terlipressina é usada em HV e contínua por 2—5 dias mesmo após a LEV. Como a hemostasia é alcançada principalmente pela LEV, o benefício do uso contínuo da terlipressina após o evento é desconhecido. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da terlipressina contínua após a LEV para evitar o ressangramento e a mortalidade. Métodos Neste estudo piloto, após a LEV, 74 pacientes com HV foram randomizados em dois grupos de tratamento TG2 & TG5, que receberam terlipressina (1 mg EV em bolus a cada 4 horas) durante 2—5 dias, respectivamente, e um grupo controle (TG0), que receberam soro fisiológico normal de 0,9% (10 mL EV em bolus a cada 4 horas) e foram seguidos por 8 semanas. Resultados Um total de 9 (12,6%) pacientes tiveram ressangramento, 4 (5,6%) no grupo TG5, seguidos por 3 (4,2%) no TG2 e 2 (2,8%) no grupo TG0 (P=0,670). A mortalidade geral de pacientes foi de 15 (21,1%), 6 (8,5%) no grupo TG0, seguidos por 5 (7,0%) no TG5 e 4 (5,6%) no TG2 (P=0,691). As reações adversas de medicamentos foram significativamente maiores em grupos de tratamento em 18 (24,32%) pacientes no TG5, seguidos por 8 (10,8%) no TG2 e 2 (2,7%) em grupo TG0 (P=0,00). A duração da internação hospitalar também foi significativamente maior no grupo de tratamento, 6,63 (±0,65) dias no TG5, seguido por 3,64 (±0,57) em TG2 e 2,40 (±0,50) dias em grupos TG0 (P=0,00). Conclusão O uso racional para a continuação da terlipressina após a LEV é duvidoso, pois não teve qualquer benefício para a prevenção de ressangramento ou mortalidade; pelo contrário, aumentou o risco de efeitos adversos e duração da internação hospitalar. Outros ensaios clínicos randomizados são necessários para gerar mais evidências em apoio ou contra a terlipressina contínua após a LEV.

Cytodifferentiation of fundic part of glandular stomach in non descript breed of Indian prenatal goat

Though the anatomy and physiology of the adult caprine (Capra hircus L.) stomach have been investigated extensively, the early development of the abomasum has not yet been fully elucidated. The glandular part of abomasum plays an important role in digestion of ingested food by action of gastric juices. Very few studies have been conducted so far regarding histogenesis of goat foetal abomasum in India. In the present study, we have investigated the embryonic and early foetal development of the goat, Capra hircus L. fundic abomasum. We collected 36 developing abomasum of healthy and normal embryos/foeti of goat and assigned them into three group viz. Gr. I (0-50 days of gestation), Gr. II (51-100 days of gestation) and Gr. III (101-150 days of gestation). Small pieces of tissues were processed by routine paraffin. The wall of glandular stomach, the fundic part, was composed of epithelium, pleuripotent blastemic tissue and serosa up to 44 days of gestation. Tunica muscularis became separable at 46 days of gestation. The epithelium was stratified type up to 50 days and gradually changed to pseudo-stratified columnar to simple columnar type from 76 days of gestation. Primary and secondary abomasal folds were observed at 51 and 76 days of gestation, respectively. Gastric pit, the fore runner of gastric gland was reported first at 70 days. The gland became branched tubular type at 145 days. The cells found in the mucosa of the abomasum were surface epithelial cells, chief cells, parietal cells, mucous neck cells and undifferentiated cells. Chief and parietal cell were observed at 76 days and mucous neck cells at 82 days of gestation. Reticular, collagen and elastic fibers came into sight at 38, 76 and 100 days of gestation, respectively. The present study is expected to supplement known data and knowledge regarding histogenesis of goat fetal abomasum and help in diagnosis and treatment of related congenital anomalies.

Comparação dos escores não endoscópicos para a previsão de resultados em doentes com sangramento gastrointestinal alto na emergência de um hospital de referência em cuidados terciários: um estudo de coorte prospectivo / Comparison of non-endoscopic scores for the prediction of outcomes in patients of upper gastrointestinal bleed in an emergency of a tertiary care referral hospital: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Traditionally peptic ulcer disease was the most common cause of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleed but with the changing epidemiology; other etiologies of UGI bleed are emerging. Many scores have been described for predicting outcomes and the need for intervention in UGI bleed but prospective comparison among them is scarce. OBJECTIVE: This study was planned to determine the etiological pattern of UGI bleed and to compare Glasgow Blatchford score, Pre-Endoscopy Rockall score, AIMS65, and Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) as predictors of outcome. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study 268 patients of UGI bleed were enrolled and followed up for 8 weeks. Glasgow Blatchford score, Endoscopy Rockall score, AIMS65, and MEWS were calculated for each patient, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve for each score was compared. RESULTS: The most common etiology for UGI bleed were gastroesophageal varices 150 (63.55%) followed by peptic ulcer disease 29 (12.28%) and mucosal erosive disease 27 (11.44%). Total 38 (15.26%) patients had re-bleed and 71 (28.5%) patients died. Overall, 126 (47%) patients required blood component transfusion, 25 (9.3%) patients required mechanical ventilation and 2 (0.74%) patients required surgical intervention. Glasgow Blatchford score was the best in predicting the need for transfusion (cut off - 10, AUC-ROC= 0.678). Whereas AIMS65 with a score of ≥2 was best in predicting re-bleed (AUC-ROC=0.626) and mortality (AUC-ROC=0.725). CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal bleed was most commonly of variceal origin at our tertiary referral center in Northern India. AIMS65 was the best & simplest score with a score of ≥2 for predicting re-bleed and mortality.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Tradicionalmente, a doença úlcera péptica era a causa mais comum de sangramento digestivo alto, mas com a mudança da epidemiologia, outras etiologias do sangramento do trato digestivo alto estão emergindo. Muitas pontuações têm sido descritas para prever resultados e a necessidade de intervenção na hemorragia gastrointestinal superior, mas a comparação prospectiva entre elas é escassa. OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi planeado para determinar o padrão etiológico de pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta e comparar os escores de Glasgow Blatchford, o Rockall pré-endoscopia, o AIMS65 e o Early Warning modificado (MEWS) como preditores do resultado. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo prospetivo de coorte, 268 pacientes com sangramento digestivo alto foram acompanhados durante 8 semanas. Os escores Glasgow Blatchford, Rockall pré-endoscopia, AIMS65 e MEWS foram calculados para cada paciente, e a área sob a curva (AUC-ROC) para cada pontuação foi comparada. RESULTADOS: A etiologia mais comum para a hemorragia gastrointestinal alta foi varizes gastroesofágicas 150 (63,55%), seguida de úlcera péptica 29 (12,28%) e de doença erosiva de mucosa 27 (11,44%). No total, 38 (15,26%) doentes voltaram a sangrar e 71 (28,5%) doentes morreram. No total, 126 (47%) doentes necessitaram de transfusão de componentes sanguíneos, 25 (9,3%) necessitaram de ventilação mecânica e 2 (0,74%) destes doentes necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica. O escore de Glasgow Blatchford foi o melhor na previsão da necessidade de transfusão (corte - 10, AUC-ROC =0,678). Enquanto o AIMS65 com uma pontuação de ≥2 foi o melhor na previsão de ressangramento (AUC-ROC =0,626) e mortalidade (AUC-ROC =0,725). CONCLUSÃO: O sangramento gastrointestinal alto mais comum é de origem varicosa em centro de referência terciária. O AIMS65 é o melhor escore simples, com uma pontuação de ≥2 para prever o ressangramento e a mortalidade.

Gross anatomical studies on the adrenal gland in prenatal goat (Capra Hircus) / Estudio anatómico macroscópico de la glándula suprarrenal en fetos de cabra (Capra Hircus)

The present study was conducted on the 24 healthy and normal embryos/foeti of non- descript goat (Capra hircus) varying from day old to 150 days of gestation. The embryo/foeti were assigned into three groups according to their gestational ages; Groups I (0-50 days), II (51-100 days) and III (101-till term). At 38 days of gestation the primordia of right and left adrenal gland were observed as a pea shaped spherical swelling located just cranial to the respective metanephros. Biometrical studies revealed the increase in the all parameters of the adrenal gland with the advancement of age. Adrenal glands were harvested first grossly at 50 days of gestation.

El presente estudio se realizó en 24 embriones / fetos de cabra (Capra hircus) sanos de un día hasta los 150 días de gestación. Los embriónes fueron separados en tres grupos de acuerdo a la edad gestacional: grupos I (0-50 días), II (51 a 100 días) y III (101-till plazo). A los 38 días de gestación se observó el primordio de las glándulas suprarrenales derecha e izquierda como una protuberancia de forma esférica, situada justo en la zona craneal en relación al metanefros. C on el avance de la edad, estudios biométricos revelan aumento de todos los parámetros de la glándula suprarrenal. Las glándulas suprarrenales fueron extraídas inicialmente a los 50 días de gestación.

Postnatal development of testis in gaddi goat (capra hircus) / Desarrollo postnatal del testículo en la cabra gaddi (capra hircus)

A study was conducted on the testicles of 30 male Gaddi goats, divided into 3 groups viz; prepubertal (0 day to 18 months), pubertal (<18 months to >5 yrs) and post- pubertal (>5 yrs) ages. The study revealed that the testis was covered by fibroserous tunica albuginia having outer fibrous layer and inner vascular layer with smooth muscle fibers at birth. The tunica albuginia continuously grew in thickness from prepubertal to postpubertal animals. The septula testis arising from the tunica albuginia, divided the parenchyma in lobules and converged at mediastinum testis. Few differentiated and undifferentiated Leydig cells were present in the intertubular spaces of neonates, which enormously increased in pubertal animals and replaced by fibroblasts in the postpubertal animals. The parenchyma comprised of solid sex cords in new born kids. These were converted into luminated tubules after 6 months of age and had clear cut tubuli contorti and tubuli recti leading to the mediastinum testis. In "0" day old kids, sex cords were filled with undifferentiated small cells located peripherally along the basement membrane and large primordial germ cells located centrally. By six months of age, latter started showing sign of degeneration and thus luminization of tubules started. Spermatogenesis startedin the seminiferous tubules of 12-18 months goat. In pubertal animals all the stages of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells were identified in the seminiferous tubules. The population of gonia cells and primary + secondary spermatocytes were 35% and 30% respectively. In postpubertal animals gonia cells were reduced to <30% and Primary + secondary spermatocytes were <20%. Many degenerating seminiferous tubules showed hyalinization, fibrosis and giant cells. The stroma and parenchyma ratio which was 35:65 at birth became 30:60 at 6 months, 25:75 at 12 months and 15:85 in pubertal and 20:80 in postpubertal animals. Increased stroma in last phase was associated with replacement of seminiuferous tubules by fibrous elements.

Se realizó un estudio en 30 testículos de cabras Gaddi machos divididos en 3 grupos: prepúberes (0 días a 18 meses), púberes (<18 meses y >5 años) y post-púberes (>5 años). El estudio reveló que los testículos al nacimiento estaban cubiertos por una túnica albugínea fibroserosa con una capa fibrosa externa y otra capa vascular interna con fibras musculares lisas. En los animales prepúberes hasta los pospúberes, la túnica albugínea mostró un crecimiento continuo de espesor. El septo testicular derivado de la túnica albugínea, divide el parénquima en lóbulos convergentes en el mediastino testicular. En los espacios intertubulares de los testículos de los recién nacidos, se observaron escasas células interticiales diferenciadas e indiferenciadas, sin embargo, se registró un aumento importante en los animales púberes las cuales fueron reemplazadas por fibroblastos después de la pubertad. El parénquima en los testículos de los animales recién nacidos estaba compuesto por cordones sexuales continuos. Estos se convierten en túbulos luminados después de los 6 meses de edad, evidenciando túbulos contorneados y rectos que conducen al mediastino testicular. En animales de 0 días de edad, los cordones sexuales presentaban pequeñas células no diferenciadas y situadas periféricamente a lo largo de la membrana basal y grandes células germinales primordiales céntricas. A los seis meses de edad, este último comenzó a mostrar signos de degeneración. La espermatogénesis se inició en los túbulos seminíferos desde los 12 a 18 meses de edad. En los animales púberes se identificaron en los túbulos seminíferos todas las etapas de las células de espermatogénesis y células sustentaculares. La población de células gonia fue del 35% y de espermatocitos primarios más secundarios 30%. En los animales pospúberes las células gonia se redujeron a <30% y espermatocitos primarios más secundarios a < 20%. Muchos túbulos seminíferos presentaron degeneración. La relación parénquima/estroma fue 35:65 al nacer, luego de 30:60 a los 6 meses, de 25:75 a los 12 meses, de 15:85 en animales prepúberes y 20:80 en la pubertad. El aumento del estroma en la última fase fue asociado con el reemplazo de los túbulos seminíferos por elementos fibrosos.

Prenatal development of pelvic urethra in goat (Capra hircus) / Desarrollo prenatal de la uretra pélvica en cabras (Capra hircus)

The study was conducted on the embryo/foeti of goat from 0-150 days of gestation, divided into group I (0-30 days), group II (31-60 days), group III (61-90 days), group IV (91-120 days) and group V (121-150 days of gestation). In group I whole embryo was processed and serial sections were cut whereas, in rest of the groups, pelvic urethra was dissected out and the tissues from the representative areas were used for the study. Grossly, on 49.33 days of gestation the pelvic urethra was present in the form of smooth cylindrical tube, approximately 4mm in length. The primordial of vesicular gland and bulbourethral gland appeared on 52 days of gestation at the junction of neck of urinary bladder with pelvic urethra and at the junction of pelvic and penile urethra respectively. The length, width, height and circumference of pelvic urethra increased with increased in gestation period, however the length (7 times) and circumference (9 times) increased maximum from group II to group V. The morphometrical parameters (length, width, height and circumference) of pelvic urethra were significantly correlated with the age and weight of foetus throughout gestation period. The colliculus seminalis, which was present in the form of ridge on 72 days of gestation, became distinct on 75 days of gestation. Histologically, on 28 days of gestation, the urogenital sinus was present as a cleft with in the cluster of cells. On 55 days of gestation, the process of luminization started with in the wall of pelvic urethra, which started first in its caudal part and proceeded cranially. All the four layers (Tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia) were distinct. The lumen was lined with 3-4 layers of stratified epitheliumin group II but in group III on 70 days of gestation and beyond this distinct transitional epithelium was present. The formation of cavernous spaces started at 59 days of gestation...

El estudio se realizó sobre embriones/fetos de cabras de 0 a 150 días de gestación, divididos en grupo I (0-30 días), grupo II (31-60 días), el grupo III (61-90 días), grupo IV (91 a 120 días) y grupo V (121-150 días de gestación). En el grupo I embriones enteros fueron procesados mediante cortes seriados, en el resto de los grupos, la uretra pélvica fue disecada y los tejidos de las áreas representativas se utilizaron para su estudio. Macroscópicamente, a los 49,33 días de gestación de la uretra pélvica estaba presente en forma de tubo cilíndrico liso, aproximadamente 4 mm de longitud. El primordio de la glándula vesicular y la glándula bulbouretral apareció a los 52 días de gestación en el cruce de cuello de la vejiga urinaria con la uretra pélvica y el cruce de la uretra pélvica y pene respectivamente. La longitud, ancho, alto y circunferencia de la uretra pélvica aumentó con el avance del período de gestación, sin embargo, la longitud (7 veces) y el perímetro (9 veces) aumentó en el grupo II y V. Los parámetros morfométricos (longitud, ancho, alto y circunferencia) de la uretra pélvica se correlacionaron significativamente con la edad y el peso del feto durante toda la gestación. El colículo seminal, que estaba presente en la forma de cresta a los 72 días de gestación, se mostró distinta a los 75 días de gestación. Histológicamente, en 28 días de gestación, el seno urogenital estaba presente como una hendidura con un grupo de células. En 55 días de gestación, el proceso de luminización comenzó en la pared de la uretra pélvica, que comenzó en su primera parte caudal y procedió cranealmente. Las cuatro capas (túnica mucosa, submucosa, muscular y adventicia) eran distintas. La luz estaba cubierta con 3-4 capas de epitelio estratificado en el grupo II, pero en el grupo III a los 70 días de gestación y más, un epitelio de transición distinto estuvo presente. La formación de espacios cavernosos comenzó a los 59 días de gestación...

Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Prenatal Development of Testis in Goat (Capra hircus) / Estudios Histológicos e Histoquímicos del Desarrollo Prenatal del Testículo de Cabra (Capra hircus)

The study has been conducted on the prenatal development of testis on 70 goat embryo/foeti, categorized into group-I (0-30 days), Group-II (31-60 days), Group-III (61-90 days), Group-IV (91-120 days) and group V (121days-till birth), having 14 embryos/ foeti in each group. The genital ridge was observed at 23 days of gestation. It contained an accumulation of mesenchymal cells, immature RBC's, differentiating fibroblasts and primordial germ cells. The formation of sex cords was evidenced on 44th day of gestation. It contained small mesenchymal cells and large cells arranged in a chain like manner. The convolution of the sex cords started between 61-90 days of gestation, which increased with the increase in the gestation period and at 125 day of gestation few sex cords attained the form of reverse question mark. The sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) were observed among the small cells of sex cords at 56th day of gestation. The tunica albuginia appeared just beneath the germinal epithelium at 44th day of gestation. It consisted of 2-4 layers of mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts and small capillaries. The thickness of tunica albuginia increased with the increase in the age of foetus and between 61-90 days of gestation, the outer thick fibrous and inner thin vascular layer could be demarcated separately. Few mesenchymal cells start differentiating into interstititial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) located in the interstitial spaces at 44th day of gestation.

El estudio se basó en el desarrollo prenatal de testículosde de 70 embriones / fetos de cabra, clasificados en el grupo I (0-30 días), Grupo-II (31-60 días), Grupo III-(61-90 días), grupo IV (91 a 120 días) y el grupo V (121 días-hasta el nacimiento), con 14 embriones / fetos en cada grupo. La cresta genital se observó a los 23 días de gestación. Contenía una acumulación de células mesenquimales inmaduras de RBC, fibroblastos de diferenciación y células germinales primordiales. La formación de los cordones sexuales se puso de manifiesto en el día 44 de gestación. Contenía pequeñas células mesenquimales y células grandes dispuestas en cadena. La convolución de los cordones sexuales se inició entre 61-90 días de gestación, que se incrementaron con el aumento en el período de gestación, a los 125 días de gestación pocos cordones sexuales alcanzaron la forma de signo de interrogación inversa. Los sustentocitos se observaron entre las pequeñas células de los cordones sexuales en el día 56 de gestación. La túnica albugínea apareció justo debajo del epitelio germinal en el día 44 de gestación. Se componía de 2-4 capas de células mesenquimáticas, fibroblastos y capilares pequeños. El espesor de la túnica albugínea aumentó con el avance en la edad del feto y entre 61-90 días de gestación, la capa fibrosa gruesa exterior y la capa interior delgada vascular podría ser demarcadas por separado. Pocas células mesenquimales inician diferenciación en los endocrinocitos intesticiales localizadas en los espacios intersticiales en el día 44 de gestación.

Gross anatomical, histological and histochemical studies on the postnatal development of the prostate gland of Gaddi goat / Estudios anatómicos macroscópicos, histológicos e histoquímicos sobre el desarrollo postnatal de la glándula prostática de la cabra Gaddi

The study was conducted on the prostate gland of Gaddi goat from one day old to more than five years of age divided into three groups viz; prepubertal (1 day old to < 18 months of age), pubertal (18 months to < 5 yrs of age) and postpubertal (> 5 yrs of age). The prostate comprised of corpus prostatae, a band like structure close to the junction of vesicular gland with the urethra, and the pars disseminate which extended in urethra well from its origin to the point of duct of bulbourethral gland. Microscopically, the corpus prostatae comprised of two compact glandular masses lying one over the other, dorsally over the origin of pelvic urethra covered by a thick fibro-reticular capsule. The gland composed of end pieces (luminated and non-luminated acini) and ducts arranged in lobulated fashion. The thickness of inter and intralobular connective tissue decreased with increased age at the expense of the growth of paraenchyma. With age the luminated secretory end pieces increased, while the non-luminatedend pieces decreased in the lobules of the gland. Glandular parenchyma were rich in mucous components by 6 month age serous and mucous components became almost equal and at 12 month age majority of the secretory end pieces turned in to serous type. The excretory ducts which were lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium in one day old kids changed to transitional epithelium in late prepubertal and pubertal animals. The glandular elements were PAS and Best's carmine reactive while interstitial connective tissue was non reactive. Mild alkaline phosphatase reaction was evident in the interstitial connective tissue cells. A strong acid phosphatase reaction was evident in the endothelium. BPB reaction for protein was moderate to intense. Ducts and acini were PAS and Alcian Blue reactive. The reaction for glycogen and AMPS contents in the gland increased with age. It was very intense in the pubertal animals. Moderate DNA activity, mild to moderate alkaline and acid...

Se realizó un estudio de la glándula próstatica de la cabra Gaddi, desde el día uno de nacimiento hasta después de los cinco años de edad, divididos grupos prepuberal (1 día a 18 meses de edad), puberal (18 meses a <5 años de edad) y post-púberes (más de 5 años de edad). La próstata estaba constituida por un cuerpo prostático, estructura como una banda cercana a la unión de la glándula vesicular con la uretra, y una pars diseminada la cual se extendía en las paredes de la uretra desde su origen hasta el punto de los conductos de la glándula bulbouretral. Microscópicamente, el cuerpo prostático está compuesto por dos masas compactas glandulares situadas una sobre la otra, dorsalmente sobre el origen de la uretra pélvica cubierta por una gruesa cápsula fibro-reticular. La glándula compuesta por piezas terminales (acinos luminal y no luminal) y conductos dispuestos en forma lobulada. El espesor del tejido conectivo inter e intralobulillar disminuyó con el aumento de la edad a expensas del crecimiento del parénquima. Con la edad aumentaron las piezas terminales secretoras luminales, mientras que en las piezas terminales no luminales, disminuyeron en los lóbulos de la glándula. El parénquima glandular era abundante en componentes mucosos a la edad de 6 meses, mientras que los componentes serosos y mucosas se equilibraron a los 12 meses de edad; la mayoría de las piezas finales secretoras se transformaron a tipo serosa. Los conductos excretores que estaban revestidos por epitelio cúbico estratificado en el día uno de las crías, cambió a epitelio de transición en los animales prepúberes y púberes. Los elementos glandulares fueron reactivos al PAS y al carmín de Best, mientras que el tejido conectivo intersticial no fue reactivo. Una reacción leve a la fosfatasa alcalina fue evidente en las células del tejido conectivo intersticial, mientras que una reacción fuerte se evidenció en el endotelio. La reacción de BPB para proteína fue de moderada a intensa. Los conductos...

Anatomical Study on the Descent of Testis in Prenatal Goat (Capra hircus) / Estudio Anatómico del Descenso Testicular Prenatal en la Cabra (Capra hircus)

A study was conducted on 70 embryo/ foetii of goats to observe the descent of testis. These foetii were grouped into I (0-30 days), II (31-60 days), III (61-90 days), IV (91-120days) and V (121 days up to term, having 14 embryos/ foetii in each group. The genital ridge was observed at 1.2cm CRL (23 day) on the ventromedial aspect of mesonephros. At 42nd day, the genital ridge developed into cylindrical structure, the testis, located in the middle of metanephros. The abdominal migration was completed upto 88th day. The testes were situated in the inguinal canal from 89th to 95th day. From 90th day onward, scrotal migration had been observed, however the testis did not reach the base of the scrotum up to term. During the descent of testis, a peritoneal fold detached from the caudal end of the gonad and extended up-to the abdominal floor on 42nd day, known as gubernaculum. In the initial stages of pregnancy it was thin, whitish, jelly like. On 70th day it was enveloped by processus vaginalis. In group V, it became hardened, longer and cord like.

Para observar el descenso de los testículos se realizó un estudio en 70 embriones/fetos de cabra. Estos fetos se agruparon en 5 grupos: I (0-30 días), II (31-60 días), III (61-90 días), IV (91 120 días) y V (121 días hasta término, con 14 embriones / fetos en cada grupo. La cresta genital se observó a 1,2cm CRL (23 días) en la cara ventromedial del mesonefros. En el día 42 día, la cresta genital se convirtió en estructura cilíndrica y los testículos se encontraban en el centro del metanefros. La migración abdominal se completó en 88 días. Los testículos están situados en el canal inguinal entre los 89 y 95 días. Del día 90 en adelante, se observó la migración escrotal, sin embargo, el testículo no llegó a la base del escroto hasta el término del desarrollo. Durante el descenso de los testículos, a los 42 días, un pliegue peritoneal (gubernaculum testis) separado del extremo caudal de la gónada, se extendió hacia el suelo-abdominal. En las etapas iniciales de la preñez la gónada era delgada, blanquecina, gelatinosa. En el día 70 el testículo fue envuelto por el proceso vaginal. En el grupo V, el testículo se había endurecido y alargado asemejándose a una cuerda.

Age Related Structural Changes in the Bulbourethral Gland of Gaddi Goat (Capra hircus) / Cambios Estructurales Relacionados con la Edad en la Glándula Bulbouretral de la Cabra Gaddi (Capra hircus)

A study was conducted on the bulbourethral glands of 30 Gaddi goats, divided into three groups of 10 animals in each viz; Prepubertal (1 day old to < 18 months of age), Pubertal (18 months to < 5yrs of age) and Postpubertal (>5yrs of age). The study revealed that the glands grew at a faster speed up-to 6 months of postnatal life after which the pace slowed down considerably. Almost 10 times increase in weight and more than three times increase in all the linear mensurations were observed in prepubertal group from the time of birth. The stroma vs parenchyma ratio which was 80:20 in one-day-old kids showed three times increase in parenchyma in prepubertal animals, and the ratio became 43:57. In one day old kids luminated and non-luminated secretory end pieces were arranged in small groups around widely luminated duct; the forerunner of the central cistern. Initially the gland contained serous as well mucous end pieces; the latter being more preponderant. But in pubertal animals it became a mucous type gland, with only a little numbers of serous end pieces. Histochemically, the glandular acini were reactive to PAS and Alcian blue indicated the presence of glycol-muco-complex in the secretory components of gland.

Se realizó un estudio sobre las glándulas bulbouretrales de 30 cabras Gaddi, divididas en tres grupos de 10 animales cada uno; prepúberes (desde 1 día de edad hasta <18 meses), púberes (desde 18 meses hasta <5 años de edad) y postpuberales (>5 años de edad). El estudio reveló que las glándulas crecen a una mayor velocidad hasta los 6 meses de vida postnatal, después de lo cual el ritmo baja considerablemente. En el grupo prepuberal se observó un aumento casi 10 veces en peso y más de tres veces en todas las mediciones lineales. La relación estroma v/s parénquima fue de 80:20 el primer día postnacimiento, mostrando un aumento de tres veces en el parénquima en los animales prepúberes, llegando a una proporción 43:57. En una de las cabras de un día de edad las piezas terminales secretoras luminal y no-luminal se organizaron en pequeños grupos alrededor del conducto luminal; el precursor de la cisterna central. Inicialmente la glándula contenía piezas terminales serosas y mucosas. Esta última tenía una mayor preponderancia. Sin embargo, en animales puberales se convirtió en una glándula de tipo mucosa, con sólo un pequeño número de piezas terminales serosas. Histoquímicamente, los acinos glandulares reactivos al PAS y azul Alcian indicaron la presencia de glicol-muco-complejos en los componentes de secreción de la glándula.